Phycobilins. 2. Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen, woody perennials with shruby or … Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Salient Features . Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? The chloroplasts are most characteristic and are of various forms. 4. The algae are the simplest members of the plant kingdom, and the blue-green algae are the simplest of the algae. ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Saragassum. observe and describe cells, spores, filaments, and colonies with the compound microscope. Carotenoids (3). Their size varies from microscopic forms to the filamentous forms. The liberation of zoospores usually takes place by the formation of a pore in the wall of the mother cell, or by the breaking or gelatinization of the sporangial wall. (b) Forms unicelled to parenchymatous. This alternation is, however, not obligatory in the sense that the haploid phase will always give rise to the diploid phase, because there may be a formation of haploid individuals in succession before the formation of a diploid phase. Green algae have dark- to light-green coloration that comes from having chlorophyll a and b, which they have in the same amounts as "higher plants"—the plants, including seed plants and ferns, that have well-developed vascular tissues that transport organic nutrients. In the simplest case, sexual union is by isogamy, i.e. They expand and contract alternately and are regarded as excretory organs. They may be cup-shaped, laminate, entire or perforate, disciform, peripheral in position, and are mostly with one or more pyrenoids. fresh-water green algae. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. And also comprised of numerous xanthophylls molecules that are yellowish or brownish pigments. The most advanced method of reproduction is oogamy. The kingdom Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. They may-grow in such conditions in which other plants cannot grow. Unicellular or colonial (generally filamentous) with elaborate chloroplasts; motile gametes unknown; reproduction by vegetative cell division or by conjugation of amoeboid gametes; exclusively freshwater. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. Species of brown algae such as Laminaria digitata, commonly known as kelp, are harvested from kelp beds along rocky shores. Thallus Organisation of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): The class Chlorophyceae shows a range of variation in the structure of plant body (thallus). (b) An outer pectose layer which in some genera may be chitinized or impregnated with lime. They are easily dispersed in aquatic habitat, actively, if motile and passively by water currents, if non-motile. Share Your PPT File. Chlorella and chlamydo monas. 5. Six important Features Of Gymnosperms. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. Some algal forms are also found in moist habitats like wet rocks and soil, tree trunks, etc. Mention two salient features of algae. 11. the plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaf. The gymnosperms are always green all year round and continue alive for a long period. The dominant green pigments are chlorophyll a and b. Answer: This is the earliest system of classification in plants. This study reviewed the salient features, limitations of developed photobioreactors and recent developments in the field of photobioreactors for Algae production. Also, are among a few cnidarians belonging to the class Hydrozoa that is found in freshwater habitats (ponds, lakes, and slow-flowing rivers and streams). Haematochrome is a carotenoid pigment. The "green algae" is the most diverse group of algae, with more than 7000 species growing in a variety of habitats. The algae are the simplest members of the plant kingdom, and the blue-green algae are the simplest of the algae. Most of the algae inhabit the aquatic environment, either freshwater or marine habitats. The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped in different species. Green algae and cyanobacteria (formally blue-green algae) comprise a vast group of photosynthetic organisms. Algae are photosynthetic microorganisms that perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen (O2) and consume carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Some algal forms are also found in moist habitats like wet rocks and soil, tree trunks, etc. dioecious. Other species are heterothallic, i.e. They can also occupy on rocks, soils, vegetation, or moist […] Filamentous; without septa or elaborately differentiated; all parts coenocytic; chloroplasts numerous and discoid; sexual reproduction mainly isogamous, sometimes oogamous, unknown in many cases; mostly marine. SALIENT FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. By the end of this laboratory experience, student teams will gain enough experience with the green algae to be able to: recognize the salient features of the major clades of the taxa in question today. 1. The mother cell producing these spores is termed a sporangium, which, in most cases, is not morphologically different from the vegetative cells. Asexual reproduction usually takes place by the production of spores within metamorphosed vegetative cells. The blue‐green algae are in turn outstanding in exhibiting a series of new carotenoids, perhaps of photosynthetic value; of these myxoxanthin and myxoxanthophyll seem to be as characteristic of the Cyanophyceae as, for example, fucoxanthin is of the Phaeophyceae. Salient green is a consumable item in the Fallout: New Vegas add-on, Old World Blues. They are relatively poorly adapted to life on land, so they are mainly confined to damp,shady places. Vegetative and asexual modes of reproduction are very common. 2. they live on another plant or on other algae) and some of them are lithophytes i.e. 3. Classification 5. Kingdom Animalia: Salient features: It includes heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. The gametophyte is conspicuous, long lived phase of the life cycle. Each pyrenoid has a central proteinaceous portion which is surrounded by plates of starch. In some cases, the sap of the vacuole becomes coloured due to anthocyanin. Chlorophyceae (Green algae): Salient features: The plant body may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. (b) Forms unicellular to parenchymatous. Biology Class 11th Salient features and classification of plants into major groups Algae. Quite a large number of species grow on moist soil, rocks and cliffs, damp wood-work, barks of trees and even on snow and ice. Among filamentous forms, fragmentation is either due to accidental breaking of a filament or certain cells of the filament may produce spores or gametes, so that short sections of the Filament become ultimately separate from one another resulting in the increase of the number of filaments. Plants are unique in their physical appearance, structure, and physiological behaviour. The multicellular forms may be of different types. What is the significance of transpiration? observe and describe cells, spores, filaments, and colonies with the compound microscope. The non-motile spores are known as aplanospores, whose walls are quite distinct from the wall of the mother cell. Salient Features of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): The Chlorophyceae or the green algae are characterized in having grassgreen-coloured chloroplasts containing the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenes and xanthophylls of which the first two predominate over the others. 9. Typically, the plant body is filamentous and it occupies a prominent place among most of the Orders of the green algae. Salient features of Bryophyta Bryophyta are the simplest group of land plants. Division: Thallophyta 1) Chlorophyceae (green algae) 2) Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) 3) Rhodophyceae (Red algae) Bryophyta (Bryon: moss; phyton: plant) 1) Liverworts (Hepaticeae) 2) Mosses (Musci) The two generations may be quite identical (isomorphic) with each other, or they are morphologically different (heteromorphic). Simple or branched, filamentous with cells containing two to many nuclei and usually with elaborate large chloroplasts; mostly isogamous; freshwater and marine. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (both freshwater and marine) organisms. The food reserves are usually in the form of starch, but fats and oils are found in some cases. Thallus Organisation The plant body (thallus) is without differentiation. Some Chlorophyceae show regular alternation of similar haploid and diploid generations, but in great majority the plant body is haploid with the zygote representing the only diploid phase. Cyanophyta and Prochlorophyta All blue-green algae (Figure 1.25) and prochlorophytes (Figure 1.26) are non-motile Gramnegative eubacteria. Coenocytic algae are essentially unicellular, multinucleated algae in which the protoplasm (cytoplasmic and nuclear content of a cell) is not subdivided by cell walls. Privacy Policy3. Cyanobacteria is also known as blue-green algae. It mostly occurs as the primordial utricle surrounding a conspicuous central vacuole. Answer: Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, primitive plants and are autotrophs. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. 2. Cyanobacteria is also composed of a wide variety of bacteria species of different shapes are sizes that can be found in different habitats in the environment. Lastly, there may be an alternation between multicellular haploid and diploid generations (as in Cladophoraceae, Ulvaceae, Chaetophoraceae). * The green coloration of h. viridissima is due to the presence of zoochlorellae, an algae that lives in symbiosis with the hydra. The mode of nutrition is naturally autotrophic mode. They can also occupy on rocks, soils, vegetation, or moist […] Green Algae Characteristics . Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! This is what differentiates them from other organisms and is also the main reason for their inclusion in the plant kingdom. 1. Answer: The salient features of Chlorophyceae members: Chlorophyceae commonly called as green algae. Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are present in large amount on land and water. i.e. The unique feature of algae is the ability to perform photosynthesis. 1.1. It is a basal Phragmoplastophyta clade as sister of another unnamed clade which contains the Embryophytes (land plants). The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped in different species. Salient features of Bryophytes : The plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte and is not di erentiated into root, stem and leaf likestructure. Linnaeus (1754) first coined the term algae, which he placed along with Liverworts & lichen under class Cryptogamia of Conventional Plant-Kingdom. The largest and most complex forms of algae which are marine called sea weeds. ... c. Gree algae – green pigment called chlorophyll is present . Chlorophyceae Make a list of the salient features of brown algae. … description. General Characters of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): The members of this group are found both in fresh and salt waters. The cell wall consists of at least two concentric portions: (a) An inner homogeneous or concentrically stratified layer, mostly or wholly made up of cellulose, and. Some of them are aquatic (Riella, Ricciocarpus). Apart from that, they also vary in their habitats, tolerance to the environment, and nutrient requirements. During photosynthesis, algae produce at least half of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Some authors categorize the microscopic, unicellular green algae (Division Chlorophyta) in the Kingdom Protista, and the larger ones, multicellular green algae (Division Chlorophyta) in the Kingdom Plantae. Like the plants, the green algae contain two forms of chlorophyll , which they use to capture light energy to fuel the manufacture of sugars, but unlike plants they are primarily aquatic. There are several xanthophylls in the chloroplasts which are not found in other algae, and of these, lutin is found in abundance. The protoplast is well-differentiated into cytoplasm, nuclei and chloroplasts. The cell wall of algae is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose. 3) What are sea weeds? Mention two salient features of algae. This is known as planogamic union. Reproduction 4. Sometimes, the wall of the aplanospore becomes greatly thickened and forms a hypnospore. The important salient features of algae are given below Habitat These are found in both freshwater and marine habitats. The green algae Monostroma and Ulva look somewhat like leaves of lettuce (their common name is sea lettuce) and are eaten as salads or in soups, relishes, and meat or fish dishes. General characters of algae. Food reserves are stored in the form of starch, whose formation is intimately associated with pyrenoids. Life cycle: It has two distinct phases – the diploid sporophytic and the haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other. Chlamydomonadales. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some algae have flagella and swim through the water. Vegetative reproduction takes place usually by the process of fragmentation. Algae exist in environments ranging from oceans, rivers, and lakes to ponds, brackish waters, and even snow. Terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us, Notes on Botany for School and College Students, Copyright infringement takedown notification policy, Copyright infringement takedown notification template, Closterium: Vegetative Body and Reproduction | Algae | Botany, Ulva: Vegetative Body and Reproduction | Algae | Botany, Bacillariophyceae: Occurrence and Vegetative Body | Algae | Botany, Salient Features of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), General Characters of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), Reproduction in Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), Classification of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), Alternation of Generations of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae). Blue-greens are not true algae. What is artificial system of classification. Green Algae Characteristics. observe and describe thalli, herbarium sheets, and fossils with the dissecting microscope. Answer Now and help others. The male gametangium producing the antherozoids is known as the antheridium, and is usually a distinct structure easily recognizable from the vegetative cells. In the case of chlorarachniophytes, the plastid genome appears to be the most conservative, with high levels of synteny and similar gene complements between genera, as well as the apparent absence of NUPTs (in Bigelowiella natans at least) 13 , 21 . In today’s lab, you will examine green algae that represent a wide range of morphologies: from colonial, to filamentous, to parenchymatous, to siphonous. 4) What are kelps? Kingdom Animalia: Salient features: It includes heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. Monera (Blue Green Algae), Protista (Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids) & Plantae (Greenlagae, Brown algae & Red algae). 1 answer. Some of the algae are found in symbiotic association with fungi, they are called as lichens. The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology.For example, the chlorophycean CW clade, and chlorophycean DO clade, are defined by the arrangement of their flagella.Members of the CW clade have flagella that are displaced in a "clockwise" (CW, 1–7 o'clock) direction e.g. General characters of algae. Related questions 0 votes. Chaetophora, Enteromorpha, Draparnaldiopsis, Trentepohlia. 3. The vegetative body may be unicellular, multicellular filamentous or non-filamentous colonial types. Plantae - Plant Kingdom, Algae – Thallophytes: Green Algae, Brown Algae, Red Algae, Uses of algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Cryptogamae. The study of algae is called Phycology or Algology. Because they require the basic environmental conditions, this bacteria can be found in a variety of environments ranging from marine to terrestrial habitats. A few species are internal parasites on land plants, or may occur as epiphytes upon land animals. (e) Reserve food – Starch and oil. Content Guidelines 2. Embryonic stage absent which is a characteristic feature of thallophyta. Salient features of algae • Live in moist and aquatic habitats • Unicellular or multicellular • Plant body is thalloid • Presence of chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments in chromatophores • Autotrophic in nutrition • Cells may be uninucleate or multinucleate • Cell wall rich in cellulose • Cells motile due to the presence of flagella or cilia Make a list of the salient features of brown algae. They don’t have vascular tissues and do not have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. But, in some cases, several vacuoles may be present instead. Some of them are also found in close association with fungi (lichen) and animals {e.g., on sloth bear). Where are the pollen grains formed in the flower? Within the chloroplasts the photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) and other pigments (carotenes- ∝-carotene and β-carotene; xanthophylls- lutin, zeaxanthine, viola-xanthine and neoxanthine) become associated together, but the chlorophylls predominate over the others. The unicellular forms may be non-motile or motile by flagella. Sexual reproduction usually occurs towards the end of growing season. 2. He classified algae into 11 classes namely Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chryso-phyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae uglenophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophy-ceae, Cyanophyceae (Table 2.2). Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae, and consists of the single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Describe the salient features of Chlorophyceae members. Their color is determined by the amounts of other pigmentation, including beta-carotene … Algae are some of the most robust organisms on earth, able to grow in a … 7. Sexual reproduction involves isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy in different groups. Chlorophyta: Features and Distribution | Algae, Difference between Fungi and Algae | Plant Kingdom, Life Cycles in Plants and it Types (With Diagram). The salient features of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae are Algae belongs to thallophyta, and the plant body of algae are called thallus. Large aqueous vacuoles, like those which occur in many green algae are absent from the cells of cyanobacteria or blue green algae. to multicellular structure. Cyanophyceae (blue green algae): Phycocyanin. Among unicellular forms, vegetative reproduction always takes place by cell division, which, in multicellular forms, becomes a method for the growth of the thallus. Ulothrix is a familiar example in which there is a fusion of a flagellate gamete with another gamete of identical size and structure. They also possessed beta-carotene that is yellow colour photosynthetic pigment. In such cases, gametes derived from a single parent plant unite in pairs. Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 325 species all unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae". Chlorophylls (2). One of the most well-known types of green algae is volvox. Ø The classification of algae by Fritsch is primarily based of the pigmentation in algae. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge Salient features of Bryophytes : The plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte and is not di erentiated into root, stem and leaf likestructure. The nucleus possesses a distinct nuclear membrane, one or more nucleoli and a characteristic chromatin reticulum. Different types of life cycle occur, viz., Haplontic (haploid phase dominant), Diplontic (diploid phase dominant) and Haplodiplontic (both haploid and diploid phase equally dominant). These are spread across th… ask Aquatic habitats – They are found only in habitats that have water, such as ponds, streams, rivers, and oceans. habitat Cyanophyta Cyanophyta can be found in the various environments eg, lakes, seas, rivers, soil, rock, and bogs. Share Your PDF File The methods of gametic union may be arranged in an evolutionary series and are noticeable from the most primitive to the most highly advanced forms with specialized and differentiated sex structures. Unicellular or colonial; non-motile in the vegetative condition, reproduced by zoospores or aplanospore; almost exclusive fresh water. Each antheridium produces one or more antherozoids. Ø All major algal groups have at least one characteristic pigment. The motile vegetative and reproductive cells are provided with flagella inserted at the anterior end of the cell. Asexual spores are of two types: mitospores and meiospores. They may grow in acidic or plain waters, extreme cold and hot streams (50-60°C and up to 85°C), moist soil; salt-water lakes etc. In some genera, the vegetative cells and the zygotes also contain a red pigment, haematochrome, which masks other pigments. asked Nov 25 in Biology by Panna01 (34.3k points) plant kingdom; class-11; 0 votes. But, the vegetative-cell often become very much thick-walled containing abundant food reserve to form akinete-like structures for tiding the alga over unfavourable periods. Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics. i.e. Cyanophyta so often called blue-green algae. In most cases the oosphere or egg is produced singly within the female gametangium, known as the oogonium, which differs morphologically from the vegetative cells The zygote formed as a result of sexual union, usually after a period of rest, gives rise to one or more new plants. Located near the insertion of the flagella there is an orange-red to reddish-brown circular or oval spot, called the eye-spot or stigma, which is regarded as a photo-receptive organelle and is supposed to control the directive movement of the flagella. The cell walls of cyanobacteria show some chemical similarity to those of bacteria. The largest algae which grow about 60m in length are called kelps eg. Salient features of algae: Ø Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems or leaves. Algae belongs to thallophyta, and the plant body of algae are called thallus. The majority of them occur as submerged, freshwater plants being attached to submerged rocks, wood-pieces and similar other objects, but may also float on the surface of stagnant water forming green scums. 4. In such cases, a single non-motile spore is formed within the sporangium whose wall is not distinct from that of the spore. Question 4. It describes the organism’s general features of form and structure, cellular organization, cell biology, gas vacuoles, and movements. In general, the members of Chlorophyceae show great variations in form and structure of their vegetative body, ranging from simple unicellular types to typical multicellular filaments through intermediate colonial forms. Salient Features of Major Plant Groups Under Cryptogams. The term Algae (L. alga- sea weed) is collectively used for all the Chlorophyll bearing nonvascular thalloid organisms. The aplanospores are liberated by the rupture or decay of the wall of the mother cell. The sexual reproduction in Chlorophyceae ranges in complexity from the simplest to the most complex sex structures. Classification of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): Chlorophyceae are divided into nine Orders which may be distinguished as follows: Unicellular or colonial; motile throughout life or form sedentary colonies which readily revert to a motile condition; reproduce asexually as well as sexually; mainly freshwater. 2) Name two green algae which are unicellular? These pigments are responsible for imparting a rich green color to these algae. The spores may vary in number, from one to many in each cell and may be either naked and motile or provided with a distinct wall. gametic union takes place between morphologically identical flagellate or non-flagellate gametes. Asexual reproduction also takes place by the formation of akinetes. (c) Cells showing eukaryotic organization. But when indefinite, the cells of the thallus may be arranged in irregular masses, in filaments, in sheets, or in solid or hollow cylinders. Sometimes (as in Spirogyra, Zygnema, etc.) There are various instances in which parthenospores (or azygospores or aboospores or azygotes) are formed directly from the gametes in the absence of sexual union. Such a plant body is known as thallus. ... Salient Features and Characteristics; Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are present in large amount on land and water. Which organelle is known as “power house” of the cell? Examine representatives from each group and make careful drawings of the key features that separate them. Algae include a group of about of 30,000 species which are generally aquatic (both freshwater & marine). The various salient features of ‘bacteria’ are as stated under: (1) The body is invariably invaded by millions of organisms every day, but very few surprisingly may ever succeed in causing serious problems by virtue of the fact that body’s defence mechanisms usually destroy the majority of the invading microbes. Question 4. These are in reality modified zoospores which have secreted wall around them prior to the liberation from the mother cell. Green algae (Chlorophyceae) Chlorophy II: Starch: Chylamydomonas: 3. Eg. Here gametes of different parentage fuse in pairs. (c) Cells showing eukaryotic organization. Salient Features of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) 2. 10. Differentiate between green algae, brown algae and red algae in respect of pigments and reserve food material. Shape of chloroplast differs. tion of the salient growth characteristics of three blue-green algae: Anabaena variabilis, Anacystis nidulans, and Nostoc muscorum G. Fragmentary data on three other blue-green algae are included. The Blue-Green Algae attempts to assemble a unified picture of blue-green algae as living organisms. This represents, therefore, the most primitive type of life cycle. Most of them are primitive land dwellers. (d) Chief pigments – Chlorophyll a, b; a, b, g– carotene, lycopene, lutein, violaxanthin. By the end of this laboratory experience, student teams will gain enough experience with the green algae to be able to: recognize the salient features of the major clades of the taxa in question today.
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